Motivación y autoconcepto de estudiantes con sobrepeso y obesidad en la escuela primaria / Motivação e autoconceito de alunos com sobrepeso e obesidade no ensino fundamental / Motivation and self-concept of students with overweight and obesity in elementary school

RESUMO A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo geral verificar a motivação para aprender de alunos do Ensino Fundamental II e o autoconceito deles relacionados a um fator, crianças acima do peso ideal. Participaram 414 alunos entre 10 a 16 anos de idade, dentre eles 74 com sobrepeso, obesidade ou obesidade grave. Os instrumentos aplicados foram o Questionário de Percepção Corporal, Escala de Motivação e Escala de Autoconceito Infanto-Juvenil. Os resultados mostram que em relação à motivação escolar, prevaleceu a regulação identificada e em relação ao autoconceito, constatou-se que o autoconceito pessoal teve uma média alta e o autoconceito social obteve a menor média. A correlação de Pearson mostrou relação entre a desmotivação e o autoconceito familiar; a motivação intrínseca também se correlacionou com o autoconceito geral e social. Por fim, a análise de regressão evidenciou relação de dependência entre a motivação intrínseca ao se tratar de autoconceito geral e autoconceito social.

RESUMEN La presente investigación tiene como objetivo general verificar la motivación para aprender de los estudiantes de primaria y su autoconcepto relacionado con un factor, los niños con sobrepeso. Participaron 414 estudiantes entre 10 y 16 años, de los cuales 74 tenían sobrepeso, obesidad u obesidad severa. Se aplicaron los instrumentos Cuestionario de Percepción Corporal, Escala de Motivación y Escala de Autoconcepto Infanto-Juvenil. Los resultados muestran que, con relación a la motivación escolar, prevaleció la regulación identificada y con relación al autoconcepto, se encontró que el autoconcepto personal tiene un promedio alto y el autoconcepto social el más bajo. La correlación de Pearson apuntó una relación entre la desmotivación y el autoconcepto familiar, la motivación intrínseca también se correlacionó con el autoconcepto general y social. Finalmente, el análisis de regresión apuntó una relación de dependencia entre la motivación intrínseca cuando se trata del autoconcepto general y el autoconcepto social.

ABSTRACT The present research has as general objective to verify the motivation to learn of Elementary School II students and their self-concept related to a factor, children above ideal weight. For data collection 414 students between 10 and 16 years old participated, among them 74 overweight, obese or severely obese. The instruments applied were the Body Perception Questionnaire, Motivation Scale and Child and Adolescent Self-Concept Scale. The results show that in relation to school motivation, the identified regulation prevailed and in relation to self-concept, it was found that the personal self-concept has a high average and the social self-concept was the lowest. Pearson's correlation showed a relationship among demotivation and family self-concept, intrinsic motivation also correlated with general and social self-concept. Finally, the regression analysis showed a dependency relationship between intrinsic motivation when dealing with general self-concept and social self-concept.

Do gender and type of sport matter in the association between basic psychological needs satisfaction and life skills development? / Gênero e o tipo de esporte importam na associação entre a satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas e o desenvolvimento de competências para a vida?

Abstract This study examined how basic psychological needs satisfaction can predict youth participants' life skills development according to gender and sport type. A sample of 461 Brazilian youth sport participants (325 boys and 136 girls) ranging between 10 and 17 years was included. Data collection was conducted through the Life Skills Scale for Sport and Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale. Overall, the three subscales of basic psychological needs satisfaction explained a significant amount of the variance in eight life skills (R2 range = .02 to .08 p < .05) and total life skills (R2 = .07; p < .001) in male athletes. Concerning female athletes, multiple regression analyses revealed significant variance only for teamwork (R2=.09; p<.01) and goal setting (R2= .06; p<.05). Regarding the type of sport, the model presented a significant amount of the variance in eight life skills (R2 range = .02 to .05 p < .05) and total life skills (R2 = .08; p < .001) in team sports. Lastly, in individual sports, multiple regression analyses revealed significant variance only on goal setting (R2= .04; p<.05). Findings showed that youth sport coaches could focus on youth participants' basic psychological needs when trying to foster life skills development across sport contexts. Based on these findings, several suggestions for improving future research and practice in this area are presented.

Resumo Este estudo examinou como a satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas pode prever o desenvolvimento de competências para a vida dos jovens participantes de acordo com o género e o tipo de desporto. Foi incluída uma amostra de 461 atletas juvenis brasileiros (325 meninos e 136 meninas) com idades entre 10 e 17 anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da Escala de Habilidades para a Vida no Esporte e da Escala de Satisfação de Necessidades Psicológicas Básicas no Esporte. No geral, as três subescalas de satisfação de necessidades psicológicas básicas explicaram uma quantidade significativa da variância em oito habilidades para a vida (faixa R2 = 0,02 a 0,08 p < 0,05) e habilidades para a vida totais (R2 = 0,07; p < 0,001) em atletas masculinos. Em relação às atletas femininas, as análises de regressão múltipla revelaram variância significativa apenas para trabalho em equipe (R2=0,09; p<0,01) e estabelecimento de metas (R2= 0,06; p<0,05). Em relação ao tipo de esporte, o modelo apresentou uma quantidade significativa de variância em oito habilidades para a vida (faixa R2 = 0,02 a 0,05 p < 0,05) e habilidades para a vida totais (R2 = 0,08; p < 0,001) em equipes. Esportes. Por último, nos desportos individuais, as análises de regressão múltipla revelaram variância significativa apenas no estabelecimento de metas (R2= 0,04; p<0,05). Os resultados mostraram que os treinadores desportivos juvenis podem concentrar-se nas necessidades psicológicas básicas dos jovens participantes ao tentarem promover o desenvolvimento de competências para a vida em contextos desportivos. Com base nestas conclusões, são apresentadas uma série de sugestões para melhorar futuras pesquisas e práticas nesta área.

Cyberbullying and Motivation to Learn with Digital Technologies: Identification and Correlation / Cyberbullying e Motivação para Aprender com as Tecnologias Digitais: Identificação e Correlação

Abstract This article investigates the relationship of cyberbullying to motivation to learn and the use of digital information and communication technologies (DTIC). The survey included 529 high school and 293 higher education students who answered the Motivation to Learn Scale with the use of DITC Scale and the Cyberbullying Assessment Scale. Statistically significant correlations were identified between the constructs, especially in high school. The relationships had a positive direction, weak and high magnitude. Cyberbullying and educational levels predicted controlled (28%) and autonomous (5%) motivation. Motivation and cyberbullying levels stood out in high school. This research contributes to pedagogical practices and the conduct of further studies on this theme.

Resumo Neste artigo investigaram-se as relações do cyberbullying para a motivação para aprender e o uso de tecnologias digitais de informação e comunicação (TDIC). Participaram da pesquisa 529 alunos do ensino médio e 293 do ensino superior que responderam a Escala de Motivação para Aprender com o uso das TDIC e a Escala de Avaliação do Cyberbullying. Identificaram-se correlações estatisticamente significativas entre os construtos, sobretudo no ensino médio. As relações tiveram uma direção positiva, de fraca e alta magnitude. O cyberbullying e os níveis de ensino predisseram a motivação controlada (28%) e autônoma (5%). Os níveis de motivação e cyberbullying se sobressaíram no ensino médio. Esta pesquisa contribui para as práticas pedagógicas e a condução de novos estudos sobre esta temática.

Correlation between voluntary blood donation and autonomous motivation / 预防医学

Objective@#To explore the relationship between voluntary blood donation and autonomous motivation based on self-determination theory, so as to provide insights into optimizing voluntary blood donation recruitment. @*Methods@#Participants meeting the blood donation criteria were selected from blood stations and medical institutions in Hangzhou City, Jiaxing City and Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province. A self-designed questionnaire based on self-determination theory was used to collect basic information, awareness and source of blood donation knowledge, autonomous motivation and controlled motivation. The correction between autonomous motivation and voluntary blood donation was analyzed using a multivariable logistic regression model.@*Results@#A total of 986 participants at ages of 18-55 years were surveyed, including 730 females (74.04%) and 256 males (25.96%). Among them, 705 participants (71.50%) had experience of voluntary blood donation. The mean score for blood donation knowledge was (5.76±1.17) points, and the total motivation score for blood donation was (58.21±8.17) points, with autonomous motivation scoring (40.86±5.46) points and controlled motivation scoring (17.35±3.26) points. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified gender (female, OR=0.419, 95%CI: 0.273-0.644), occupation (medical profession, OR=4.027, 95%CI: 2.440-6.646), blood donation knowledge (OR=1.307, 95%CI: 1.159-1.475) and autonomous motivation (OR=1.074, 95%CI: 1.033-1.116) as factors affecting voluntary blood donation. @*Conclusions@#Autonomous motivation may promote voluntary blood donation. In blood donation recruitment efforts, it is vital to enhance autonomous motivation and make appropriate use of controlled motivation.

Educação Física (des)seriada e a oportunidade de equidade na motivação de meninos e meninas / (Un)serious Physical Education and the opportunity for equity in the motivation of boys and girls / La (des)seriación de la Educación Física y la oportunidad de equidad en la motivación de niños y niñas

Este estudo objetivou identificar a motivação de meninos e meninas às aulas de Educação Física do ensino médio, considerando a proposta diferenciada de organização das turmas, denominada (Des)seriação. Analisou-se, por meio dos testes estatísticos descritivos e de comparação de grupos (Mann-Whitney), 1071 instrumentos preenchidos de 2012 a 2018. Observou-se que, na maioria dos anos pesquisados, os valores atribuídos às variáveis Motivação Intrínseca e as dimensões das Necessidades Psicológicas Básicas não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os sexos. Concluiu-se que a proposta (des)seriada na Educação Física do ensino médio pode ser uma potente ferramenta de motivação para incentivar a equidade de oportunidades nesse ambiente.

This study aimed to identify the motivation of boys and girls to Physical Education classes in high school, considering the differentiated proposal of class organization, called (Un)seriation. We analyzed, through descriptive statistical tests and comparison of groups (Mann-Whitney), 1071 instruments completed from 2012 to 2018. It was observed that, in most years surveyed, the values attributed to the variables Intrinsic Motivation and the dimensions of Basic Psychological Needs did not show a statistically significant difference between the sexes. It was concluded that the (un)seriated proposal in high school Physical Education can be a powerful motivational tool to encourage equal opportunities in this environment.

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la motivación de niños y niñas para las clases de Educación Física en la enseñanza media, considerando la propuesta diferenciada para la organización de las clases, denominada (Des)seriación. Mediante pruebas estadísticas descriptivas y comparación de grupos (Mann-Whitney) se analizaron 1071 instrumentos completados entre 2012 y 2018. Se observó que, en la mayoría de los años encuestados, los valores asignados a las variables Motivación Intrínseca y las dimensiones de Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas no mostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los sexos. Se concluyó que la propuesta (no)seriada en Educación Física en la enseñanza media puede ser una poderosa herramienta de motivación para incentivar la igualdad de oportunidades en este medio.

Influence of blood donation service on the autonomous motivation of blood donors / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To explore the influence of blood donors′ demographic characteristics and blood donation service experience on voluntary blood donation motivation. 【Methods】 Using self-made questionnaire, stratified sampling method was used to select blood donors from three urban areas in Zhejiang province for investigation. Independent sample t-test, variance analysis and chi-square test were used to compare the differences of blood donation motivation and blood donation service experience of different blood donors. Spearman correlation analysis and linear regression were used to analyze the correlation between blood donation motivation and blood donation service and the influencing factors of blood donation motivation. 【Results】 There were 705 valid samples. The motivation level of blood donation is higher in married people than that in unmarried people, in those over 27 years old than in those under 26 years old, and in those who donated for ≥3 times than those 1-2 times (P<0.05). The experience of blood donors in blood station staff service, blood donation process and blood donation environment was stronger than that of blood donation sites (P<0.05). Both voluntary motivation and controlled motivation were positively correlated with blood donation service experience (P<0.05). Good experience of blood donors on the distribution of blood donation sites, service of blood station staff and blood donation process was conducive to the improvement of blood donation motivation. 【Conclusion】 Blood donation service experience can influence the autonomous motivation and controlled motivation of blood donors to donate blood again. It is suggested that blood centers should take the test during conducting blood donation publicity and blood donation services.

What do you really want? Change in goals and life satisfaction during Emerging Adulthood in Brazil / ¿Tienes ganas de qué? Cambios en las metas y en la satisfacción de vida en adultos emergentes en Brasil

Abstract Aim and Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate how different types of goals may affect the satisfaction in life of Brazilian emerging adults in different developmental stages and, what characteristics they associate with adulthood. Method: Participants were 970 Brazilian youth aged from 18 to 30 years old (M = 22.8; SD = 3.4). The instruments we used were a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Aspiration Index and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. We performed a descriptive statistical analysis to elicit the characteristics related with becoming an adult, as well as ANOVAs to test if there was a difference between the endorsement of intrinsic or extrinsic goals based on sociodemographic characteristics; and if there was a difference, did it affect their satisfaction with life. Results: Results showed that the most important characteristic to be considered an adult was to be financially independent and to be responsible for oneself, while the least important were to be married and to have children. There was a significant difference in the importance participants gave to intrinsic goals based on sex and age. Consistently with previous research, we found that giving greater importance to intrinsic goals had a positive and significant effect on life satisfaction. However, different sets of goals were deemed important according to the developmental stage youth were in, and these changes had in turn a significant effect on life satisfaction. Conclusions: Finally, we found that prioritizing intrinsic goals contributes to greater life satisfaction in general. This study acknowledges that there are individual and contextual factors that may propel youth to choose their goals in order to attend these demands, regardless of their impact on life satisfaction.

Resumen Objetivo e introducción: El objetivo de este artículo fue investigar como diferentes tipos de metas pueden afectar la satisfacción con la vida de adultos emergentes brasileños en diferentes etapas de su desarrollo, y definir qué características ellos asocian con la edad adulta. Método: Participaron 970 jóvenes brasileños con edades entre 18 y 30 años (M = 22.8; DE = 3.4). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, el Índice de Aspiraciones y la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida. Ejecutamos un análisis descriptivo para elucidar cuáles fueron las características asociadas con volverse adultos. Luego, ANOVAs para verificar si había diferencia en su endoso de metas intrínsecas o extrínsecas basada en sus características sociodemográficas; y en caso de que la hubiese, si esta afectaba su nivel de satisfacción con la vida. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la característica más importante para ser considerado un adulto es ser financieramente independiente y ser responsable de sí mismo, mientras que las menos importantes fueron estar casados y tener hijos. Hubo una diferencia significativa en la importancia que los participantes dieron a las metas intrínsecas, con base en el sexo y la edad. Consistentemente con investigaciones previas, encontramos que dar mayor importancia a metas intrínsecas está positiva y significativamente relacionado con la satisfacción con la vida. Sin embargo, diferentes grupos de metas fueron encontradas como más importantes en diferentes etapas del desarrollo de los jóvenes, y esos cambios, a su vez, tuvieron un efecto significativo en la satisfacción con la vida. Conclusiones: Finalmente, aunque dar importancia a las metas intrínsecas está asociada con una mayor satisfacción con la vida en general. Este estudio contribuyó a reconocer que existen factores individuales y contextuales que impulsan a los jóvenes hacia la elección de dichas metas para atender estas demandas, independientemente de su impacto en la satisfacción con la vida.

Escala de motivación situacional académica para estudiantes universitarios: desarrollo y análisis psicométricos / The academic motivation scale-situational for college students: development and psychometric analysis

Resumen La Teoría de la Autodeterminación (TAD) reconoce diferentes tipos de motivación, a lo largo de un continuo según el grado de autorregulación del comportamiento, que operan en tres niveles de generalidad: global, contextual y situacional. Este trabajo presenta el proceso de construcción y análisis psicométricos de la Escala de Motivación Situacional Académica desarrollada a partir de las hipótesis de la TAD y del Modelo Jerárquico de la Motivación Intrínseca y Extrínseca (MJMIE). Participaron del estudio 364 estudiantes (62.6 % mujeres, 37.4 % varones) de 18 a 35 años de edad (. = 22.97, DE = 3.00) de diversas carreras de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Cinco jueces expertos analizaron evidencias de validez de contenido para los ítems y un grupo de alumnos aportó elementos para mejorar la validez aparente y la adecuación lingüística. Un análisis factorial exploratorio, a partir del método de Análisis Factorial de Rango Mínimo con rotación Oblimin directo, aisló una estructura trifactorial. La consistencia interna de las escalas se estimó mediante alfas ordinales, cuyos valores fueron en su totalidad adecuados. Las asociaciones significativas entre las escalas apoyaron la hipótesis teórica sobre el continuo propuesto en el modelo. Las correlaciones entre las escalas del instrumento con las de la Escala de Motivación Académica (Stover, de la Iglesia, Rial Boubeta y Fernández Liporace, 2012; Vallerand, Blais, Brierey Pelletier, 1989) fueron significativas al comparar dimensiones equivalentes y disímiles de ambas técnicas. Finalmente, se confeccionaron baremos para estudiantes universitarios locales. Los resultados, limitaciones, implicancias y líneas futuras de investigación se discuten a la luz del modelo de partida.

Abstract Self Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985a) describes diverse types of motivation, situated throughout a theoretical continuum which comprises a decrease in the regulation of behaviors, from highest to lowest. These are intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation. These types, their influential factors, mediators and outcomes, integrate a hierarchic model which entails three levels: global, contextual, and situational (Vallerand, 1997). This paper presents the design and analysis of psychometric features of the Academic Motivation Scale-Situational (AMS-S) aimed at the assessment of motivation towards specific academic activities under specific circumstances. It was developed on the grounds of the Self Determination Theory´s hypotheses as well as the Hierarchic Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation (HMIEM) posed by Vallerand (1997). The sample was composed of 364 colleges students (62.6 % females, 37.4 % males) between 18 and 35 years old (. = 22.97, SD = 3.00) with different majors at the University of Buenos Aires (Argentine). Items were written up to represent each type of motivation formulated in the model, according to the question which must be borne in mind while responding to the scale: "Why are you at the faculty right now?" The original pool of items was evaluated by five experts in order to analyze content validity evidences. A further pilot study was performed with a small group of students, aiming at the exam of face validity evidences. The preliminary version of 44 items obtained up to then was analyzed on a standardization sample. Polychoric covariance matrices were employed once the univariate normality hypothesis was not verified for the items. The ordinal nature of data demanded such a treatment as well. The statistical package FACTOR (Lorenzo-Siva & Ferrando, 2013) was used to develop an exploratory factor analysis with minimum rank factor analysis (MRFA) extraction method followed by direct Oblimin rotation (KMO = .887; Bartlett's Sphericity Test: χ² = 4525.6 (df = 351; . < .01). A 3-factor model which explained 68.01 % of the common variance was isolated retaining 27 items (F1 explained 18.1 %, F2, 23.2 %, and F3, 26.8 %). Regarding the items content, the extracted factors were labeled as extrinsic motivation (F1), amotivation (F2), and intrinsic motivation (F3). Additionally, internal consistency of the scales was estimated by means of ordinal alphas, with adequate coefficients in all cases (F1 = .84, F2 = .95, and F3 = .94). In order to test the self-determination continuum hypothesis entailed in the model, each dimension of the scale was correlated with the rest of them. Significant and positive associations (. < .05) were found between the adjacent scales, and negative between the non-adjacent ones, thus endorsing theoretical statements. Correlations between the scales' scores and the similar ones of Academic Motivation Scale (Academic Motivation Scale-EMA in Spanish-Stover et al., 2012; Vallerand et al., 1989) were calculated to analyze convergent validity evidences. Significant though weak statistical associations (. < .05) were found when comparing equivalent and opposite motivational types in both tests. Finally, statistical norms to be employed with local college population were calculated. Summarizing, up to the moment the scale has achieved adequate results in terms of preliminary validity evidences and reliability, supporting its appropriate psychometric quality to be used with local college students. The main weaknesses of the study rely in the sample size, which restricts wider generalizations, as well as the lack of semi-confirmatory factor analyses and psychometric studies on stability of measures, which must be developed in further steps. The analysis of the link between situational, contextual and global measures of motivation is also strongly suggested, taking into account the reciprocal effects among them.

La motivación y las necesidades psicológicas básicas en la iniciación deportiva de baloncesto / Motivação e necessidades psicológicas básicas na iniciação ao basquetebol / Motivation and basic psychological needs in basketball initiation

Resumen La motivación es considerada un factor importante para el éxito y el mantenimiento de la práctica en cualquier modalidad deportiva. El objetivo del estudio fue correlacionar la motivación y las necesidades psicológicas básicas de atletas jóvenes de baloncesto que se encontraban en la fase de iniciación deportiva. Participaron en la investigación 53 atletas de la ciudad de Maringá Paraná Brasil, con media de edad de 13,25 años (DP 2,54 años). Los instrumentos utilizados en la investigación fueron la escala de motivación para el deporte y el cuestionario de necesidades psicológicas básicas en el ejercicio. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó el test de Spearman, adoptando un nivel de significación de 95 % (p<0,05). Los resultados evidenciaron que las dimensiones de las necesidades psicológicas básicas no presentan uniformidad en la correlación con las dimensiones de motivación. La mayor correlación encontrada fue entre competencia y la motivación extrínseca introyección, lo que demuestra que las presiones internas del propio atleta y el miedo al constreñimiento hacen que el practicante desarrolle mayor competencia para realizar las actividades propuestas. Además, la dimensión relaciones presentó solamente vínculo con los aspectos ligados a la motivación extrínseca, donde las buenas relaciones favorecen el conocer, el probar y la busca del placer en la modalidad deportiva. Por último, la autonomía demostró relación moderada con las motivaciones intrínsecas y extrínsecas.

Resumo A motivação é considerada um fator importante para o sucesso e a manutenção da prática em qualquer modalidade esportiva. O objetivo do estudo foi correlacionar a motivação e as necessidades psicológicas básicas dos jovens atletas de basquetebol que se encontravam em fase de iniciação ao esporte. Cinqüenta e três atletas da cidade de Maringá - Paraná - Brasil participaram da pesquisa, com idade média de 13,25 anos (DP 2,54 anos). Os instrumentos utilizados na pesquisa foram a escala de motivação desportiva e o questionário de necessidades psicológicas básicas do exercício. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizado o teste Spearman, adotando um nível de significância de 95 % (p<0,05). Os resultados mostraram que as dimensões das necessidades psicológicas básicas não apresentam uniformidade na correlação com as dimensões da motivação. A maior correlação encontrada foi entre a competência e a introjeção da motivação extrínseca, o que mostra que as pressões internas do próprio atleta e o medo de constrangimento fazem com que o praticante desenvolva maior competência para realizar as atividades propostas. Além disso, a dimensão das relações apresentou apenas uma ligação com os aspectos ligados à motivação extrínseca, onde boas relações favorecem o conhecimento, o teste e a busca do prazer na modalidade esportiva. Finalmente, a autonomia mostrou uma relação moderada com motivações intrínsecas e extrínsecas.

Abstract Motivation is considered an important factor for the success and maintenance of the practice in any sport. The objective of the study was to correlate the motivation and basic psychological needs of young basketball athletes who were in the initiation phase of sport. The research involved 53 athletes from the city of Maringá-Paraná- Brazil, with an average age of 13.25 years (PD 2.54 years). The instruments used in the research were the sport motivation scale and the exercise basic psychological needs questionnaire. The Spearman test was used for data analysis, assuming a significance level of 95% (p<0.05). The results showed that the dimensions of basic psychological needs are not uniformly correlated with the dimensions of motivation. The greatest correlation found was between competition and extrinsic motivation introjection, which shows that the internal pressures of the athlete himself and the fear of constraint make the practitioner develop greater competence to perform the proposed activities. Furthermore, the relationship dimension was only linked to aspects related to extrinsic motivation, where good relationships favor knowledge, testing and the search for pleasure in the sport. Finally, autonomy showed a moderate relationship with intrinsic and extrinsic motivations.

Effects of a self-determination theory-based intervention on CPAP treatment of patients with obstructive sleep apnea

@#PURPOSE: With continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) being the treatment of choice for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), adherence rates to CPAP are still low without a clear consensus of causes. The Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is a general theory of human motivation that emphasizes the extent to which behaviors are relatively autonomous based on the psychological needs that are critical to supporting the process of internalization and the development of optimal motivation. This study sought to determine whether the implementation of an SDT-based intervention is effective in improving: (1) perceived competence, (2) treatment self-regulation, (3) CPAP treatment adherence, and (4) Apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) of OSA patients. METHODS. Using a true experimental pretest-posttest design, 30 purposively selected participants were randomly allocated to experimental and control groups. The SDT-based intervention included group sessions, individual sessions, and follow up phone calls in three weeks. Written permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the University of the East - Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Inc. (UERMMMCI) and the Lung Center of the Philippines. Participation was voluntary and all participants had the right to refuse or discontinue their participation at any time during the study. Data were analyzed using two way repeated-measures ANOVA, student's T-test, and chi-square. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The participants in the experimental group have increased adherence rates from Time 1 (60%) to Time 2 (92.9%) and Time 3 (85.7%). Although, when compared to the control group, no significant difference was noted across the different periods of measurement (p=0.70810, p=0870, p=0.2403). There were higher proportions of patients who eventually became adherent in the experimental group compared to the control group immediately after and 5 weeks after the intervention (p=0.0001). The experimental group had significantly better improvement in AHI compared to the control group immediately after (p=0.0152) and 5 weeks after the intervention (p=0.0022). Considering the importance of CPAP adherence in effectively treating OSA, measures to improve adherence such as SDT-based intervention could be usefully incorporated into OSA patients' treatment plans.

Motivación autodeterminada para la actividad física y su correlación con la composición corporal en una cohorte de sujetos adultos con sobrepeso

Introducción. La motivación conduce a las personas a ejecutar acciones en pro de alcanzar una meta u objetivo. Este estudio buscó examinar la correlación entre la motivación autodeterminada para la actividad física y la composición corporal, en una cohorte de sujetos adultos con sobrepeso. Métodos. Se utilizó la herramienta BREQ 2 de autoinforme y para la antropometría fue medida por un técnico ISAK 1 y la composición corporal con báscula Tanita BC 420. Resultados. 46% (n = 18) de los participantes eran mujeres y 54% (n = 21) hombres. Edad promedio 31 ± 11 años, IMC: 25 ± 3 kg/m2, masa muscular 49 ± 9%, masa grasa 27 ± 16%, circunferencia de cintura (CC) 80 ± 7cm, cadera 98 ± 6cm, ICC 0,8 ± 0,05 cm. Conclusión. Se observó una correlación negativa entre variables antropométricas como IMC e ICC con el índice de autodeterminación en mujeres (r = -1 p < 0,05). La evaluación de la motivación autodeterminada debe ser la base para la programación de actividad física en población con sobrepeso.

Introduction: Motivation leads people to carry out actions in order to achieve a goal or objective. This study tried to examine the correlation between self-determined motivation for physical activity and physical composition, in a cohort of overweight adults. Method: We used the tool BREW 2 of self-report and anthopometry was measured with an ISAK 1 techinician. Body composition was measured with a Tanita BC 420 scale. Results: 46% (n=18) of patients were women and 54% (n=21) were men. The average age was 31 ±, MMI: 25 ± 3 kg/m2, muscular mass 49 ± 9%, fat, 27 ± 16%, waist circumference 80 ± 7cm, hip 98 ± 6cm, CCI 0.8 ± 0.05 cm. Conclusions: we observed a negative correlation among anthropometric variables, such as MMI and CCI with the rate of self-determination in women. Evaluating the self-determined motivation must be the base to program any physical activity in an overweight population.

Introdução: a motivação leva as pessoas a agirem em prol de atingir uma meta. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar a correlação entre a motivacão autodeterminada para a atividade física e a composição corporal, em um grupo de sujeitos adultos com obesidade. Métodos: foi utilizada a ferramenta BREQ 2 de autorrelato; a antropometria foi medida por um técnico ISAK 1, e a composição corporal, com báscula Tanita BC 420. Resultados: 46% (n = 18) dos participantes eram mulheres e 54% (n = 21), homens. A idade média foi de 31 ± 11 anos, IMC: 25 ± 3 kg/m2; massa muscular 49 ± 9%; massa gorda 27 ± 16%; circunferencia de cintura (CC) 80 ± 7cm; quadril 98 ± 6cm, ICC 0,8 ± 0,05 cm. Conclusões: foi observada correlação negativa entre variáveis antropométricas como IMC e ICC com o índice de autodeterminação em mulheres (r = -1 p < 0,05). A avaliação da motivacão autodeterminada deve ser a base para programar atividades físicas em população com obesidade.

Perceived Environmental Supportiveness Scale: Portuguese Translation, Validation and Adaptation to the Physical Education Domain

Abstract Aim: Grounded on Self-Determination Theory, this study aimed to translate, adapt and validate the Perceived Environmental Supportiveness Scale (PESS) in a sample of Portuguese physical education students. Methods: The global sample was comprised of 964 students (518 females), divided in two groups: the calibration (n = 469) and the validation one (n = 483), all of them enrolled in two Physical Education (PE) classes/week. Results: The analysis provided support for a one factor and 12 items model, which are in line with the values adopted in the methodology (χ² = 196.123, df = 54, p = <.001, SRMR = .035, NNFI = .943, CFI = .954, RMSEA = .074, 90% CI .063-.085). Results express that the models are invariant in all analysis (i.e., calibration vs. validation, male vs. female, and 3rd vs. secondary cycle; three and single factor models). Conclusion: The present study suggests that the PESS with one factor and 12 items has good psychometric properties and can be used to assess perceived need supportive motivational environments provided by PE teachers. Additionally, invariance analysis showed support for the use of the scale in both genders and in the 3rd and secondary cycles.

The Academic Self-Regulation Questionnaire: a study with Portuguese elementary school children

Abstract Background: Several studies have focused on the assessment of students' motivation because this construct is very important to understand students' learning and how to enhance it. The Academic Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ-A), based on the self-determination theory is a self-report instrument developed to access the reasons why students do their school work. However, there is no Portuguese version of this questionnaire for late elementary students. The primary goal of this research was to analyze the psychometric properties of a Portuguese version of SRQ-A in the domain of Mathematics with elementary school children. Methods: Participants were 341 elementary school children ranging from 8 to 11 years old from the third and fourth grades. The Portuguese version of the SRQ-A included 24 items assessing four regulatory styles (external, introjected, identified, and intrinsic) in three behavioral categories (homework, classwork, and answering questions in mathematics lessons). To examine the psychometric properties of the instrument, we conducted an exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), measured gender and grade invariance, and calculated internal consistency indexes and temporal stability. Results: ESEM analyses supported the original multidimensional structure of the measure with four regulatory styles using a reduced version of the instrument with 16 items. Correlations between the four regulatory styles revealed a simplex pattern consistent with the continuum of self-determination theory. Results showed adequate internal consistency for all regulatory styles (α ≥ .73; CR ≥ .76) and temporal stability (4-month test-retest ≥ .43). The questionnaire showed measurement and structural invariance across gender and grade. Finally, some gender differences were observed; on average, boys scored higher than girls in external regulation. No differences were observed between grades. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the Portuguese version of the SRQ-A has good psychometric properties providing adequate support for its use in educational research on motivational styles, including studies concerning gender and grade differences in self-regulation.

Psychometric Properties of the Malay Version of the Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire among Undergraduate Students at the Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia

@#Understanding the individual aspirations of exercise participation is important for promoting physical activity. However, there is a lack of evidence to validate a measurement instrument for exercise-based goal content among Malaysian populations. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Malay version of the Goal Content in Exercise Questionnaire (GCEQ) for a sample of Malaysian undergraduates. Methods: The original English version of the GCEQ underwent forward and backward translation into the Malay language. A cross-sectional study was conducted. The finalised Malay version was administered to 674 undergraduate students at the Health Campus of the Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) with a mean age of 20.27 years (SD = 1.35 years). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted for the psychometric evaluation. Results: The measurement model consisted of 20 observed items and five latent factors. CFA demonstrated adequate fit to the data: comparative fit index = 0.929; standardised root mean square residual = 0.052; root mean square error of approximation = 0.061 (90% CI = 0.056, 0.067). The composite reliability coefficients for the five latent factors ranged from 0.777 to 0.851. All the correlations between the factors were less than 0.85, so discriminant validity was achieved. Conclusion: The findings suggested that the Malay version of the GCEQ is valid and reliable for assessing goal content in the exercise context of undergraduates at the Health Campus, USM.

Aspectos motivacionais de praticantes de judô do sexo masculino / Motivational aspects of male judo practitioners / Aspectos motivacionales de los practicantes masculinos de judo

Resumo A motivação é um dos fatores que determinam o comportamento humano. O presente estudo objetivou investigar os principais fatores que motivaram a prática do judô em adultos do sexo masculino, assim como diferenças desses fatores em relação à idade. Participaram do estudo 110 homens entre 18 e 62 anos e com experiência na prática. O instrumento usado foi o Inventário de Motivação à Prática de Atividade Física e Esporte. A análise dos dados foi feita por meio da estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os resultados demonstraram diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) entre as dimensões da motivação. As dimensões mais motivadoras foram o prazer, seguido da saúde e da sociabilidade, enquanto que o menos motivador foi a competitividade.

Abstract Motivation is one of the determinant factors for human behavior. The present study aimed to investigate the main factors that motivated the practice of judo in adult males, as well as differences in these factors in relation to age. The study included 110 men aged between 18 and 62 years. The instrument used was the Motivation Inventory of Physical Activity and Sport. Data analysis was performed through descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed significant differences (p <0.05) between the motivation dimensions. The most motivating dimensions were pleasure, followed by health and sociability. On the other hand, the least motivating was competitiveness.

Resumen La motivación es uno de los factores que determina el comportamiento humano. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los principales factores que llevaron a la práctica del judo en varones adultos, así como las diferencias de estos factores en relación con la edad. Los participantes del estudio fueron 110 hombres de edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 62 años, y con experiencia en la práctica. El instrumento usado fue el Inventario de motivación para la práctica de la actividad física y el deporte. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante una estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) entre las dimensiones de la motivación. Las dimensiones más motivadoras fueron el placer, seguido de la salud y la sociabilidad. En cambio, la dimensión menos motivadora fue la competitiva.

Structural Validity of the School Aspirations Questionnaire (SAQ) / Validade Estrutural do Questionário de Aspirações Escolares

Abstract The self-determination theory claims that three basic needs (autonomy, relatedness, and competency) guide the human motivation. This theory serves as background for many psychological instruments. However, no one differentiates the students' occurrence perceptions and students' values about the basic needs. The School Aspirations Questionnaire has this goal, but its structural validity was not investigated yet. The present study evaluated the structural validity of the questionnaire. The sample was composed by 716 middle and high school students from a private school in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. A model was tested. This model possessed eight correlated latent variables representing, in terms of values and occurrence perceptions, the three basic needs and the immediate pleasure domain. The model showed good data fit, permitting the conclusion that the questionnaire is capable of distinguishing in the school context the values and the occurrence perceptions about the basic needs, as well the immediate pleasure domain.

Resumo A teoria da autodeterminação afirma que três necessidades básicas (autonomia, vínculo e competência) norteiam a motivação humana. Muitos instrumentos psicológicos têm como base esta teoria. No entanto, nenhum distingue as percepções de ocorrência das necessidades básicas, e o quanto estas necessidades são valorizadas. O Questionário de Aspirações Escolares foi criado com esse objetivo, mas carece de qualquer análise de sua validade estrutural. O presente estudo pretende realizar esta análise. Os dados analisados provêm de 716 estudantes, ensino fundamental II e médio, de uma escola privada de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Foi testado um modelo com oito variáveis latentes correlacionadas representando as necessidades básicas e o domínio do prazer imediato, em termos de percepção e valores. O modelo apresentou bom ajuste aos dados, possibilitando concluir que o questionário é capaz de distinguir, no contexto escolar, os valores e as percepções sobre as necessidades básicas e o domínio do prazer imediato

Translation and validation of the perceived locus of causality questionnaire (PLOCQ) in a sample of portuguese physical education students

AIM: This study main aim was to translate and validate one of the most used SDT-based instruments to assess motivation in PE classes, the Perceived Locus of Causality Questionnaire (PLOCQ), to the Portuguese context. METHOD: Sample was composed of 652 boys (M=15.4 years; SD=1.90) and 702 girls (M=15.47 years; SD=1.95), enrolled in physical education classes in several Portuguese schools. RESULTS: The analysis provided support for a five factors and 18 items model, after excluding two items (χ² = 491.473, df = 125, p = <.001, SRMR = .062, NNFI = .908, CFI = .924, RMSEA = .067, 90% CI .061-.073). Sample and gender invariance procedures were made to ensure proper psychometric validation. Results presented support for the model in both gender and calibration/validation samples. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that PLOCQ with five factors and 18 items has good psychometric proprieties and can be used to assess contextual motivation towards PE in the Portuguese context.(AU)

Contributions of psychological needs, self-compassion, leisure-time exercise, and achievement goals to academic engagement and exhaustion in Canadian medical students / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: To investigate the contributions of psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) and coping strategies (self-compassion, leisure-time exercise, and achievement goals) to engagement and exhaustion in Canadian medical students. METHODS: This was an observational study. Two hundred undergraduate medical students participated in the study: 60.4% were female, 95.4% were 20–29 years old, and 23.0% were in year 1, 30.0% in year 2, 21.0% in year 3, and 26.0% in year 4. Students completed an online survey with measures of engagement and exhaustion from the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory–student version; autonomy, competence, and relatedness from the Basic Psychological Needs Scale; self-compassion from the Self-Compassion Scale–short form; leisure-time exercise from the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire; and mastery approach, mastery avoidance, performance approach, and performance avoidance goals from the Achievement Goals Instrument. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed. RESULTS: The need for competence was the strongest predictor of student engagement (β= 0.35, P= 0.000) and exhaustion (β= −0.33, P= 0.000). Students who endorsed mastery approach goals (β= 0.21, P= 0.005) and who were more self-compassionate (β= 0.13, P= 0.050) reported greater engagement with their medical studies. Students who were less self-compassionate (β= −0.32, P= 0.000), who exercised less (β= −0.12, P= 0.044), and who endorsed mastery avoidance goals (β= 0.22, P= 0.003) reported greater exhaustion from their studies. Students' gender (β= 0.18, P= 0.005) and year in medical school (β= −0.18, P= 0.004) were related to engagement, but not to exhaustion. CONCLUSION: Supporting students' need for competence and raising students' awareness of self-compassion, leisure-time exercise, and mastery approach goals may help protect students from burnout-related exhaustion and enhance their engagement with their medical school studies.

Propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del Cuestionario de Contenido de Metas en el Ejercicio / Psychometric properties of the spanish version of the Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue validar la versión española del Goal Content Exercise Questionnaire. Un total de 398 estudiantes universitarios (302 hombres y 96 mujeres) participaron en este estudio cumplimentando diferentes instrumentos que evaluaban la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas, las regulaciones motivacionales y los contenidos de metas en el contexto del ejercicio. Los resultados apoyaron tanto un modelo de cinco factores correlacionados (afiliación social, gestión de la salud, desarrollo de habilidad, imagen, y reconocimiento social) como un modelo con dos factores de orden superior denominados metas intrínsecas y metas extrínsecas. La estructura de ambos modelos fue invariante en función del género. Se obtuvieron adecuados valores de consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal. Los contenidos de metas intrínsecos estuvieron asociados positivamente con la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas y con una regulación autónoma de la conducta del ejercicio, mientras que los contenidos de metas extrínsecas estuvieron asociados positivamente con una regulación controladora de esta conducta. Los resultados de este estudio proporcionan apoyo para el uso del Goal Content Exercise Questionnaire en el contexto español de cara a medir las metas intrínsecas y extrínsecas en el ejercicio en línea con los postulados de la teoría de la autodeterminación.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to validate the Spanish version of the Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire. A total of 398 university students (302 males and 96 females) par ticipated in this study, and completed questionnaires that measured the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, motivational regulations, and goal content for exercise. The results suppor ted the first-order five-factor model (social affiliation, health management, skill development, image and social recognition), as well as the higher order two-factor model, called intrinsic and extrinsic goals, respectively. The structure of both models did not change with gender. Ade quate levels were obtained for internal consistency and temporal stability. Intrinsic goals were positively associated with satisfaction of basic psychological needs and autonomous regulation in exercise, while extrinsic goals were positively associated with controlling regulation. The fin dings of this study provided support to use Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire in Spanish context in order to measure intrinsic and extrinsic exercise goals, in line with the postulates of self-determination theory.

Motivação de adolescentes para leitura: estudo com a abordagem centrada na pessoa / Teenagers' Motivation for Reading: A Study with a Person-Oriented Aproach / Motivación de Adolescentes para Lectura: Una investigación con Enfoque Centrado en la Persona

O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar a motivação de adolescentes para leitura por meio de perfis motivacionais e sua relação com percepção de apoio dos pais. Participaram deste estudo 520 adolescentes dos Ensinos Fundamental e Médio, que responderam a um questionário em escala Likert contendo questões representativas dos pontos do continuum, propostos pela Teoria da Autodeterminação, e sobre a percepção dos pais. Foi adotada a abordagem centrada na pessoa e assim se formaram dois clusters contrastantes que combinavam escores diferenciados em motivação autônoma e controlada. Aproximadamente metade dos alunos formou o cluster 1, com altos escores em motivação autônoma e moderados na controlada. Outra metade formou o cluster 2, com escores moderados em ambas as medidas. As meninas eram duas vezes mais representadas no cluster 1 do que os meninos. Da mesma forma, os alunos do cluster 1 tinham percepções em nível mais elevado de seus pais como apoios à leitura. Os resultados foram discutidos à luz do referencial teórico e de estudos anteriores e foram sugeridas novas pesquisa sobre o constructo.

This study aimed at investigating adolescents' motivation for reading through motivational profiles and their relationship with support by their parents.A sample of 520 students from primary and high schools answered to a Likert-type questionnaire containing items that mirrored self-regulation continuum, as proposed by Self-Determination Theory, and about parents' perceptions. A person-centered approach was used and two contrasting clusters were identified based on autonomous and controlled motivation scores. About half of students were included in the first group, characterized as high in autonomous motivation and moderate in controlled motivation. Remaining students composed a second group with moderate scores in both autonomous and controlled motivation. Girls were twice more represented in the first group than boys. At the same time all students with this profile perceived more their parents as supportive of reading. Results were discussed in the light of Self-Determination Theory and new studies on the construct were proposed.

El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la motivación de los adolescentes para la lectura a través de perfiles motivacionales y su relación con la percepción de apoyo de los padres participaron en total 520 alumnos de la Educación Secundaria que respondieron a un cuestionario con escala Likert compuesto con ítems que miden la motivación a lo largo del continuum propuesto en la teoría de la autodeterminación y ítems que miden las percepciones de apoyo de los padres. Se realizó el análisis centrado en las personas que reveló dos perfiles motivacionales: uno con grados elevados de motivación autónoma y grados moderados de motivación controlada y otro con grados moderados en las dos modalidades motivacionales. Aproximadamente la mitad de los adolescentes se caracterizaba en cada perfil. Las niñas eran dos veces más representadas en el primer perfile que los niños. Todos los adolescentes del primer perfil también percibían en grado estadísticamente superior que sus padres daban apoyo a la lectura. Los resultados fueran discutidos a la luz de la Teoría de la Autodeterminación y nuevas investigaciones sobre el constructo fueran presentadas.